UNIT-III
SOFTWARE
Needs of
software
•A
software is considered as an essential component that performs various tasks
based upon its type.
•However,
certain types of softwares implement operations others are used for running the
system.
•Moreover,
a software is a set of instructions which helps the system to process the
information.
•It
allows a system user to also interact with underlying hardware and enables the
users to perform task.
•Basically, software implements all the necessary functions of a computer. So, due to this a computer without a software is considered to be a useless material that is made up of metals and plastic.
Types of Software
Q1) What
is software?Explain types of software?(VIMP)
Ans: Software: Software provides the instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software means a set of programs, procedures and other associated documentation which describes what the program does and how it is to be used. A number of software’s can be run on the same hardware to perform different types of jobs. The software acts as an interface between the user and the computer.
Software is
mainly classified into:
System
Software
Application Software
System Software System software
is designed to run the computer .The systems software helps the user to use the
computer by allowing him to communicate with the system. System software
controls the working of other software’s, hardware devices like printers,
memory, CPU etc. Thus, they make the operation of the computer more efficient.
The systems software is generally provided by the manufacturer of the computer
hardware. Without the systems software the hardware would not work.
System software
is designed to run the computer.
Some System Software
are
- Operating
System
- Programming
Language Translators
- Device
Drivers
- Firmware
Software
- Utility
Software
Application software Application software is designed to perform
specific tasks of the users. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power
Point, Microsoft Access, etc. are some of the examples of application software.
Application software is
of 2 types: custom software and
pre-written software packages.
Custom Software: Software that is developed for a specific user is known as custom
software.
A pre-written software package is a software that is developed for general needs of all the
users.
The most important software are :
•Database management software, e.g.
•Oracle, DB2, Microsoft
SQL server, etc.
•Spreadsheet software,
e.g. Microsoft Excel
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Some System Software are Operating System
Q2)What is Operating System ?Explain its functions?
Ans: An
operating system is a system software that acts as an intermediary between the
user and the Hardware. It is a collection of software that handles resources
and provides general services for the other applications that run over them.
Mac, MS Windows, Linux, Solaris, Android etc are some of the
operating systems.
The common functions of an operating system:
•Process(or) management A process is a program in execution. The
operating system decides which process to run. It also assigns priority to the
processes.
•Memory management Operating system is responsible to allocate and
de-allocate memory.
•Device management The operating system controls accesses to the
I/O devices among the processes.
•File management: The file system in an operating system allows
users to create, delete, modify, open, close, and apply other operations to
various types of files.
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Utility Programs:
Q3)Explain utility
programs? Explain with fine example?
Ans: Utility program is
required for the maintenance of computer. Utility programs are used for
supporting and enhancing the programs and the data in computer. Some system
utilities may come embedded with OS and others may be added later on. Some
examples of system utilities are:
•Anti-virus utility to scan computer for viruses
•Data Compression utility to compress the
files
•Cryptographic utility to encrypt and
decrypt files.
•Disk Compression utility to compress
contents of a disk for increasing the capacity of a disk.
•Disk Partitioning to divide a single drive into
multiple logical drives. Each drive is then treated as an individual drive and
has its own file system. Figure 6.6 shows a hard disk with three partitions.
•Disk Cleaners to find files that have not been used
for a long time. It helps the user to decide what to delete when the hard disk
is full.
•Backup Utility to make a copy of all
information stored on the disk. It also restores the backed up contents in case
of disk failure.
•System Profiling Utility provides
detailed information about the software installed on the computer and the
hardware attached to it.
•Network Managers to check the computer network
and to log events
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Programming
Language
Q4)What is
Programming Language ?Explain it’s types?(VIMP)
Ans: A Programming
Language consists of a set of vocabulary and grammatical rules, to express the computations
and tasks that the computer has to perform. Programming languages are used to
write a program, which controls the behavior of computer.
Each language
has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax
for organizing program instructions. The programming language should be
understood, both by the programmer and
the computer.
A computer understands the language of 0’s and 1’s, while the programmer is more comfortable with English-like language. Programming Language usually refers to high-level languages like COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, C, C++, Java etc.
Programming
languages fall into three categories
a) Machine
Language
b) Assembly
Language
c) High Level Language
Machine Language
•This
is the only language which is understood by the computer.
•In
this language the programs are written in binary code i.e. the instructions are
made only by a combination of binary digits 0 and 1.
•The
computer can understand the programs written in machine language directly. No
translation of the program is needed.
•Program
written in machine language can be executed very fast .
•Machine
language is defined by the hardware of a computer. It depends on the type of
the processor that the computer uses, and is thus machine-dependent.
•A
machine- level program written on one computer may not work on another computer
with a different processor.
•Computers
may also differ in other details, such as memory arrangement, operating systems,
and peripheral devices; because a program normally relies on such factors, different
computer may not run the same machine language program, even when the same type
of processor is used.
•It
is difficult to write a program in machine language as it has to be written in
binary code. For e.g., 00010001 11001001. Such programs are also difficult to
modify.
Advantages
1. It is easily understood by the
CPU.
2. The time taken for executing
the program is very less.
3. The computational speed is
very high.
Disadvantages
1.It is very difficult for a
human to understand.
2.The length of programs written
in machine language is very large.
3.It is difficult to correct or
modify the programs.
4.It is a machine dependent language.
Assembly
Language:
•The
O s and 1 s of the machine language were substituted by letters and symbols in
assembly languages. The assembly languages use mnemonics in place of operation
codes.
•Assembly
language programs are easier to write than the machine language programs, since
assembly language programs use short, English-like representation of machine
code.
For
e.g.:
ADD
2, 3
LOAD
A
SUB
A, B
•A
program written using such symbols in the assembly language is called the
source program. The program written in assembly language has to be converted
into machine language for use by the computer. This is achieved with the help
of the assembler .
•The
assembler is a system program which is supplied by the manufacturer. It
converts the assembly program into a
machine readable program and the resulting program is called the object
program.
•The
assembler translates each assembly language instruction into a corresponding
machine code.
Advantages
1.Assembly languages reduce the
cost of associated ROM chips because of the reduced code size.
2.Assembly language helps the
programmer to understand the way the computer operates.
3.Assembly language programs are
easy to understand and use.
4.It is easy to perform
modifications.
5.It is easy to identify the
errors, locate and correct the errors.
Disadvantages
1.The execution time is more
2.Assembly
languages is hardware dependent. When
the machine changes, the program has to be changed.
3.A programmer requires proper knowledge of the hardware.
High Level
Language
•Higher
level languages are also known as problem oriented languages
•A
program in a high-level language is written in English-like language.
•Programs
are easier to write, read or understand in high-level languages than in machine
language or assembly language.
•The
programmer is not required to know the detailed working of the computer system
in order to program in a high level language.
•Programs
written in high-level languages is the source code which is converted into the
object code (machine code) using software like translators or interpreter or compiler .
•Therefore
they generally execute more slowly and require more memory than the same program
written in assembly language.
•A
line of code in high-level program may correspond to more than one line of
machine code.
•Programs
written in high-level languages are easily portable from one computer to
another.
Advantages
1. These
languages are easier to read.
2. These are
machine-independent languages.
3. Corrections
and modifications can be done easily.
Disadvantages:
The execution
time is more since the HLL instruction needs to be converted into assembly
language and then to machine language.
Application Software
and its types
Q5)What is Application Software and its types?
Ans: Application
software is designed to perform specific tasks of the users. Microsoft Word,
Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Access, etc. are some of the
examples of application software.
Application software is of 2 types: custom software and
pre-written software packages.
Custom Software: Software that is developed for a specific user is known as custom
software.
•Easier to carry out
changes in the software, if it is developed in-house
•Developing software
in-house means a major commitment of time, money, and resources
•In-house software
development team needs to be maintained and managed
A pre-written software package is a software that is developed for general needs of all the
users.
•Usually costs less
•Planned activity can be
stared almost immediately
The most important software are :
•Database management software, e.g.
•Oracle, DB2, Microsoft
SQL server, etc.
•Spreadsheet software, e.g. Microsoft Excel
Word Processing
Q6)Explain Word Processing Software with example?(VIMP)
Ans: The process of using a computer to
create, edit, format and print documents is known as Word Processing. To
perform word processing, a computer, a special program called a word
processor and a printer are required.
•Microsoft
Word is the most widely used word processing software.
•WordPerfect
and open Office Writer, Libre Office Writer are some other word processers.
•Office
Web Apps or Google Docs are the Web-based word processors.
Features of word
processing:
1. Toolbars: It contain buttons that make easier to perform some common tasks by
clicking buttons like saving, printing, etc. we can also design the customized
toolbars. Popular toolbars are standard, format, Auto text, mail merge,
Drawing, word count. etc.
2. Mail Merge: It provides an ability to create a letter in Word, and then print
multiple copies of that letter, each with a different name and address on it.
Mail Merge in word may also be used to fill envelopes and labels with data as
well.
3.
Templates& Wizards: It allows us to work on
text document which are pre defined in layout and style. We can also
personalize templates.
4. Viewing: Word offers several ways to see documents such as normal, web layout, web
page preview, zoom in and out outline, print layout, and print preview.
5. Find and
Replace: We can search the specified text or word in the
document and replace the text with the other text easily with using find and
replace option in the word processor.
6. Auto format: We can apply the style, size, color, and fonts to the data or text by
using the formatting toolbar and format.
7. Spell
checking: The feature is very useful for checking and correcting the word in a
document. We can also provide the alternative word for misspelling word. Even
the grammatical errors can also be rectified in word processor.
8. Email: It messages
can be sent directly from word and word can also be used as an editor for
e-mails. Faxes as well can work with word.
9. Creation of
tables: Tables can be created neatly in word processor. if you give directions
for required number of rows and columns, word provides a ready-made table to
work.
10. Bullets and Numbering: Bullets are special symbols which can be put for different points or paras in a documents where as numbers are ascending figures like 1,2,3,4...etc. which can be assigned to points in the Paras or documents in word processor.
Applications of
word processing:
1.letters: Using word
processor we can develop the different type letter with different formats. It
provides predefined letters and we can design the different address same
letters by using mail merge option.
We design the
different type of notices using ms word processing that used to appeal the
members.
3.Memorands: We can also
design memoranda to give to the higher officials.
4.Brochures: using the
word processing we can design the brochures that are used for admission in
schools, colleges and real Estate officers.
5.Reports: Using of the ms
word we can design the news report and other types of reports.
6.Resumes: We can design
the different type of resume that are useful for interviews and it represent
marks list and year wise report of the student.
7.Articles: We can print the
articles that are published in the news papers.
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