Graphics
Q16)Explain
about Graphics ?
Ans: A graphics package allows user to utilize a computer system for creating, editing, viewing, storing, retrieving and printing designs, drawings, pictures, graphics, etc which can be designed in a traditional format.
Characteristics
of Graphic Packages
Following are
the characteristics aided by graphic packages.
1. Draw Designs
It allows users
in outlining the graphics objects like lines, circles, rectangles, are and so
on inorder to draw diagrams designs. It reduces the overhead of the user in
drawing exact shapes of objects like straight lines or fully rounded circles.
However, package generates the lines and round circles because it automatically
links them with one another properly. Additionally, it also permits users to
perform move, copy, delete, rotate, tilt, flip horizontally/vertically,
increase/decrease the size of objects. Therefore, the above mentioned
characteristics makes simple for the user to generate complex designs.
Computer-Aided
Design (CAD)
is an environment which is mainly dependent on this feature of graphics
software. Architects and engineers make use of CAD system for producing
architectural drawings, product designs, landscaping plans and several other
types of engineering drawings. Therefore, user can generate actual designs
within less time period rather than designing them several days.
2. Paint
Drawings and Pictures
It helps users
to alter the drawings and pictures in the form of an image. The images that are linked over the screen
mainly depends on the binary bits called as bit mapping. The images that
are represented in terms of pixels are referred to as bitmap images graphics.
Each pixel represents a particular color. Bitmapped editors are used to create
or edit the pictures. Adobe Photoshop, Flash, Corel Draw, Corel photo point,
Paint shop pro are some of the commonly used bitmap editors. Bitmapped file
format is used to store the bitmap images. The formats GIF, JPEG, Bitmap (BMP),
Post Script (PS), IRIS and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) can store the bitmap
graphics files.
Images or
graphic objects that are represented using mathematical tracks are referred to
as vector graphics. Image attributes such as lines, points, circles, arcs, few
geometric shapes are represented in terms of geometrical equations. The image
that needs frequent resizing and repositioning should be represented using this
technique. Vector graphics can be created or modified using vector editors.
Most often vector editors are used to create or modify more complicated
graphics like photographs. In raster graphics, images are produced in the form
of dots known as pixels. This technique is used by the painting software
through organizing the screen pixels positions.
However, raster graphics images occupy more memory when compared with vector graphics, it is more flexible and provides high degree of creativity in drawing typical shapes and using of colors.
3. Present
Graphs
It allows users
to design graphs and charts by importing the numerical information from
software like a spreadsheet or a database. Line graphs, bar charts and pie
charts are mostly used by the users for representing numerical data
graphically. Line graphs consists of several lines which internally links the
data points placed over horizontal and vertical axes. Bar charts utilize more
than one bar that exists on horizontal and vertical axes to display the values
through lengths of the bars. In certain cases, each bar segregated is into
various component parts and the addition of these parts is a result of the
total length of the stacked bar.
Pie chart is a circle divided into sectors which shows the sharing of each component in the entire circle. But, bar graphs shows better proportion estimates. This is used by the analysts, decision makers as it helps in easy understanding of the relationships, modifications, trends that hidden in respective geometrical data and defines decision making.
4. Drag-and-Drop
Objects
It allows user
to develop all the designs and pictures quickly by enabling them to use
ready-made graphic objects or images that are provided with a software. For
instance, drawing software is provided with additional ready-made shapes such
as line, rectangle, circle and so on which can be utilized by the user while
designing based on their requirement.
The steps for
adding a clip-art are as follows,
1. Select the
slide to which the user need to add the clip-art or insert a new slide.
2. Choose
insert/clip-art command then power point displays the clip-art gallery.
3. In clip-art
gallery, choose one of the images by double-clicking on it. Power point adds
the selected image to the current slide.
4. Drag one
corner of the image inorder to change its size.
5. Drag the
image itself to replace its position.
6. To replace
the image with another image, just double-click on it. The clip-art gallery
will appear and from there a new image can be selected.
7. The size and position of the newly added image is same as that of the old one.
5. Import
Objects
It allows users
to develop all the designs and pictures much quickly by enabling them to not
only access graphic objects or images provided along with a software but also
those objects that are provided by some other software.
The general
steps for importing the images are as follows,
1. In power
point presentation, select the slide to which the user need to add the image or
insert a new slide.
2. The commands
like Insert/Picture, Insert/Clip art, Insert/Object are used to select the
images.
3. Select the
format of the file, which the user want to import.
4. Select the
file name of the intended image.
5. Click OK then
power point adds the selected image to the current slide.
6. Drag the
mouse to define the desired size and position of the chosen graphic.
7. Edit the image, if required by double clicking on it.
6. Screen
Capture
This technique allows user to capture the screenshot of a display screen and translate it into an image referred as a bit-mapped image which can be saved in a file and can be imported later whenever required. This is beneficial at the time of writing books or manuals which involves the screen images.
DBMS Software
Q16)Explain
about DBMS Software ?
Ans: In
database-oriented approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to
facilitate users in
organizing,
creating, deleting, updating, and manipulating data in a database
All these programs together form a Database Management System (DBMS)
Database model
defines the manner in which the various files of a database are linked
together.
Four commonly
used database models are:
· -Hierarchical
· - Network
· -Relational
· -Object-oriented
Main Components
of DBMS:
DBMS allows
users to organize, process and retrieve selected data from a database without
knowing about
the underlying
database structure
Four major
components of a DBMS that enable this are:
-Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define
the structure (schema) of a database
-Data Manipulation Language (DML): Provides
commands to enable the users to enter and
manipulate
the data
-Query Language: Enables users to define their
requirements for extracting the desired information from the database in the
form of queries
- Report generator: Enables the users of a database to design the layout of a report so that it can be presented in the desired format
CREATING AND
USING A DATABASE
1.
Schema/Structure Definition
Schema
definition is the first step in creating a database. In this step, the fields
needed to be included in the database are noted down on a paper and their
associated characteristics are determined. These characteristics can be name,
size, type etc.
2. Form Design
Designing of
forms is the second step in the creation of database. It helps in providing a
user-friendly platform for the users to enter the data in the database. It
provides a set of fields with empty spaces so that users can enter desired data
within those fields.
Forms can be
designed with several features like,
❖
Providing a list of options from which a user can select the appropriate one.
For example, users can select the Gender field as either Male or Female.
❖
Converting the case (capital or small) of the data to the required one.
3. Data Entry
The data entry step is started as soon as the forms are designed. It is typically carried out in a record-by-record manner. The users can start the data entry by calling appropriate form. The records are assigned with a serial numbers to get identified. These numbers are assigned automatically.
Using Database
Database can be
used to view, modify, delete and add new records.
1. Viewing
Database
The records of a database can be viewed by forwarding appropriate view command. These records are retrieved using a specific field value such as student ID. After accessing a record, some additional options are also given that allows users to go to the next, previous, first and last records. Apart from this, it also provides, filter options to obtain the most appropriate records from the database.
2. Modifying
Database
The records of database can also be modified. When a record is accessed using view option, it can be modified simply by clicking on the field value. To save the modified record, users can press Enter key on the keyboard. Based on the type of database, a confirmation message can appear to ensure that the database is modified.
3. Deleting
Records
The saved records of database can be deleted easily by forwarding delete record command to the database system. The user needs to select the record using its field value. Similar to the modification confirmation, a confirmation message appears on the screen to avoid accidental deletion of records.
4. Adding New
Records
New records can be added within a database by forwarding appropriate command. As a result, a blank form appears allowing the user to enter the data in the form and save the new record in the database by pressing Enter key. Once the newly added form is saved, the system automatically displays a blank form to add another record. To terminate this process, use the mouse or keyboard to select the terminate option.
Query languages are supported by the database systems
for handling complex queries. These query languages follow SQL standard.
SQL (Structured Query language) is a database language which
is compatible with RDBMS. It provides an interface to simple relational
database. It is a simple portable language that does not require enough
learning to work with its syntax and commands. It performs the following
functions,
(a) Creates tables and database structures.
(b) Performs addition, deletion and modification
operations on the database structures.
All these operations are performed using the concept of DML (Data Manipulation Language) and DDL (Data Definition Language).
Features
1. SQL is an English-like
language containing statements in English sentences. Hence SQL statements are
easily understandable.
2. It minimizes the time required
in creating and maintaining the database systems.
3. It gives quick solutions to
complex queries.
4. It is a portable language and
can be executed on various computer systems.
5. It enables communication
between clients and servers over a network.
6. It enables programmers to write applications for accessing database.
(ii) Query By Example (QBE)
Query-By-Example (QBE) is query language developed for only
for retrieving data from database. But now,
this application is capable of performing operations like insertion, deletion,
updating and creation of tables.
Advantages
1. It is a first Graphical User
Interface (GUI) language.
2. It is user friendly.
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