5Q) Explain booting process?
Ans:
Booting:
Process that starts up a computer is called booting. It checks for
proper functioning of all the Peripheral
devices attached with the system. It searches for the operating system and,
when located, loads it into the main memory.
There
are two Types of Booting
Cold
booting: The process of starting the computer and loading its operating
system by turning the power
on.
Warm
booting: The process of restarting the computer and loading its operating
system again is known as warm booting.
6Q) What is MS DOS and Explain it’s functions and features?(VIMP)
Ans: DOS is an Operating System. It works as an interpreter between user and computer. We give English like commands and it converts it into machine language and after the computer has processed the information, returns the results to you in English. Microsoft Company has developed the DOS and introduced in the commercial world. The DOS is also called as Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS).
Functions
Of DOS:
1) It takes commands
from keyboard and interprets them.
2) It shows all the
files in the system.
3) It creates new
files and allots space for them.
4) It changes the
name of a file.
5) It copies
information in a floppy.
6) It helps to search
a file.
7) It gives printout
of the data.
8) It hides the files
and directories.
9) It permanently removes the file.
Features
Of DOS:
1) It is the primary
system where the user will get an environment about the input and output
devices.
2) It is helpful in
performing File Management.
3) It is a single
user operating system. One user can operate at one time in this operating
system.
4) It is character
based interface system. We can type letters or characters in this operating
system.
5)MS-DOS is easy to load and install. It neither requires much memory for the operating system, nor a very powerful computer to run on.
To get the window of the command
prompt in the Windows environment
· Start -->Run--> Type “cmd” àEnter,
or
· Start-->All programs-->Accessories-->Command Prompt
cmd.exe or command prompt is the
command line interpreter on the current Windows-based OS.
It is similar to command.com in MS-DOS. cmd.exe is a Windows program that acts as a DOS like command line interpreter.
DOS command divided
into 2 parts.
1. Internal Commands
or Memory-Resident Commands
2. External Command or Disk-Residence Commands
Internal
Commands:
Q7)Explain
Ten DOS Internal Commands.
Ans:
There are also
called memory-resident commands. These commands are automatically loaded into
the computer’s memory during the booting process. They actually included in the
Command.com file. So these commands are executable immediately after getting
the dos prompt.
A few internal
commands are
A command can be given in Capitals or Small letters also. The internal commands can execute immediately but External Commands require special files for their execution without which it is not possible to execute them.
1. VER: All O/S has its
own edition number or release or version number. The version number indicates
which edition of O/S you are working on.
Syntax: VER
<Enter>
Example: C:\> Ver
<Enter>
Result will be: Microsoft Windows XP [ Version 5.1.2600]
02. VOL: It is used to
display volume label and serial number of the current drive
Syntax: Vol [drive:]
Example: C:\> VOL
3. DATE: Used to display
the current system date and prompt for entering new date.
Syntax: Date
<Enter>
Example: C:\> date <Enter>
4. TIME: Displays the
current system Time and prompt for entering new time.
Syntax: Time <Enter>
Example: C:\> Time <Enter>
5. CLS: Clears the
cluster screen.
Syntax: CLS
<Enter>
Example: C:\> CLS <Enter>
6. DIR: This command
displays the list of directories and files with details like date of creation
whether it is directory or file etc.
Syntax: DIR <Enter>
07. MD: Used to create
a new Directory or nested Directories.
Syntax: MKDIR OR MD
[DRIVE:] PATH DIRECTORY NAME
Example: C:\> MD SAMS <Enter>
08. CD: This command
allows you to change present directory to another directory.
Syntax: CD [DRIVE:]
PATH
Example: C:\> CD SAMS and press <Enter>
09. RD: To delete the
empty directory.
Syntax: RD [DRIVE:]
PATH
NOTE: The directory
must be empty when we use RD.
Example: C:\> RD SAMS and press <Enter>
10. COPY CON:We use this command to create a new file.
Syntax: COPY CON
<FILENAME>
Example: C:\> Copy
Con sams.txt <Enter>
Note: - Typing here and
when you are done, press Ctr+Z or F6 key followed by Enter to
save the current document.
11.COPY:- Using this
command you can make duplicate files of an exiting file from one location to
another or one directory to another with different name or exiting name.
SYNTAX: COPY <
SOURCE FILE NAME> <TARGET FILENAME>
Example: C:\> COPY SAMS.TXT A:\TAJ
12. DEL/ERASE:
This command removes one or more files from the disk or current working
directories.
SYNTAX: DEL filespec
[/p] or ERASE filespec [/p]
Example: C:\> DEL C:*.BAK /P And Then Press Enter
13. REN:
Used to change the name of the file or directory.
SYNTAX: REN <file
name>
Example: REN sams sams1 <Enter>
8Q) Explain
Dos External Commands?
Ans:
These are also called Disk-Resident Commands. These commands are
meant for special purpose. These are found in separate files on Hard Disk or
Floppy Disk, So that they don’t typically consume valuable memory space. They
are loaded into memory only when called.
Some External Command are Edit, Move, Mem and Attrib
1.
EDIT: This is the DOS Editor, which you can use to edit the text file
and also creating new file.
Syntax:
Edit [drive:][path][filename]
EXAMPLE:
C:\> EDIT c:\sams\FO.TXT and then press <Enter>
EXAMPLE: C:\> Edit NEW FILE and then press <Enter>
2. MOVE : This
command moves a file or group of files from one directory to another and also one disk to another disk. It
can also be used to rename directories.
EXAMPLE:
move c:\sams\fo.txt to d:
EXAMPLE: move c:\sams\fo.txt to d:\ new_sams
3.
MEM: This command displays amount of total available memory ( low,
Expanded and Extended) and all currently
programs.
Syntax: MEM
[/f][/p][/m]
Switches:
Example: MEM/p and then press <Enter>
4. ATTRIB:
Every File on the Disk has its own description like size, space occupied, the
type, the date it was created, etc. Likewise, every file has few attributes.
The attributes of a file indicates whether it is a
i)
Read-Only File: r
ii)
Archive File a
iii) Hidden File: h
iv) System Files
With the ATTRIB
command you can check the attributes of a file.
SYNTAX:
ATTRIB [+r][+a][+h][/+s] [filename]
While Creating a new
file every file gets read only attribute and archive attribute by default.
EXAMPLE: C:\>
ATTRIB my.txt +R and then press <Enter>
EXAMPLE: C:\> ATTRIB my.txt +H and then press <Enter>
5.
LABEL: Displays the current system volume label and it provides a
chance to provide a new label(NAME) or old label.
Syn: LABEL <ENTER KEY>
9Q)
Explain about Windows Operating System? (IMP)
Ans: Windows is a personal computer operating
system from Microsoft.
-Windows
family of OS is GUI-based operating system. Since GUI interfaces are easy to use
and are user-friendly, these have become very popular.
-Windows
support multi-tasking. It means Windows OS allows simultaneous execution of
multiple tasks
-Windows
contains built-in networking, which allows users to share files and
applications with each other, if their PCs are connected to a network.
-With each new version of the Windows OS, the user interface undergoes some changes and the user has to learn to use the new interface. This becomes troublesome for the user.
Different
version of windows are following:
1985 Windows 1.0 It was not successful
1990 Windows 3.0 The first commercially successful version of Windows. It is an upgrade to the interface over Windows 1 and 2
1993 Windows NT 3.1 The first Microsoft OS not based in DOS. Separate versions of NT with their DOS counterparts are released
1995 Windows 95 The first native 32 bit OS. Microsoft plans to merge the NT and DOS platforms but are unsuccessful due to backward compatibility issues and lack of hardware support of NT.
1998 Windows 98 Microsoft integrates its web browser in the GUI and file manager. Hackers can use the Internet to infiltrate a computer or network.
2000 Windows 2000 As with Windows 95, Microsoft planned Windows 2000 to merge the NT and DOS based OS’s but was unsuccessful
2001 Windows XP Windows XP successfully merges the compatibility found in Windows 98 with the stability found in Windows NT/2000. It provides enhanced stability over Windows 98.
2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition OS was slow to take off due to the dearth of 64-bit software and drivers
2008 Windows Vista First 3D operating system
2009 Windows 7 Some of the new features included in Windows 7 are advancements in touch, speech, and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard
2012
Windows 8
2012
Windows 8.1
2015
Windows 10
2021 Windows 11
Features
Of Windows:
1. Improved interface: Windows provides a
completely redesigned interface. Start menu lets you access programs more
quickly. Windows displays the most used items in the start menu while it hides
the least used items.
2. More reliable: Windows is based on the
same technology that is used in Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 2000.This
makes windows much more stable and greatly reduces the number of system crashes
and system restarts.
3.Better file and folder management: Windows makes it easier to
view and work with files and folders for example, Thumbnail view lets you
preview photos and images and the new file and folder tasks pane lets you easily copy,
move, rename or delete any file or folder.
4. Better help
and support: Windows
provides efficient help and support with new features such as Remote Assistance
which allows you to contact computer experts and lets them fix a problem on
your computer even if they are miles apart geographically.
5. More secure: Windows provides
new security tools that help keep your computer more secure and provide new
technologies that run in the background, making your computer run more
efficiently. This operating system includes the new security center which
allows you to check the status of the important security elements on your
computer-windows firewall, Automatic updates and virus protection software-
making it convenient for you to understand how to keep your computer better protected
against viruses and other security threats.
6. Clear Type: Windows provides special features called Clear Type that makes the words on your computer screen look as smooth as the words on a page. This increases the font resolution of the words written in different programs like Notepad and WordPad.
DESKTOP:-
The 1st screen of windows o/s (computer) is called desktop.
ICON:- A
graphic symbol present on desktop.
TASKBAR:- A
bar located at bottom of desktop. It contains “start” button, time & opened
windows names…..etc.,
MENU:-
Menu is a list of commands/options. Menus are of 2 types
a) Pop-up menu ex:- start menu
b) Pop-down menu ex:- Desktop menu, file menus.
Basic
Mouse Operations
a) Point:- More the mouse over on the icon/item.
b) Click:- Press & release the left mouse.
c) Double click:- Click twice rapidly. It is used to access/open
the icon/item.
d) Drag & Drop:- Hold down the left mouse button while you are
moving the mouse and release at the desired position/location.
10Q)
Explain in brief about unix
operating system? (IMP)
Ans:
Unix is a powerful computer operating system that acts as base
software to control a computer system and its peripherals. It was basically
developed for programmers and scientists whose work was related to hardware.
Its functions are
similar to that of the popular operating systems like windows or MAC O/S. It
provides the base mechanism to boot a computer, log in, run an application,
store and retrieve files. It is commonly
used in Internet server, workstations and PCs by Solaris, Intel, HPs, etc.
Unix was written in C language and was created to be portable, multi tasking and multi user system in a time sharing configuration.
Structure of Unix O/S:
Kernel:
The kernel is surrounded by the software for executing commands,
running the processes under foreground and background.
· -It is the central core of Unix.
· -It can directly interact with hardware.
· -It schedule processes, control and execute various user jobs.
· -It manages data storage and access.
· -It controls the access to the computer by several users.
o
Interpreter
that interprets the commands given by the user and gets them executed by the
kernel.
o
Programming
capability that allows the users to write shell script (shell program).
Shell: The shell which is also called command interpreter. It receives and understands the commands issued by the user. It acts as an interface between the user and kernel. The user interacts with the shell by issuing shell commands. There are 2 major parts of shell.
Utilities: Utilities are
the commands defined in the system directories / bin. Utilities are make user
job is easy, particularly in efficient system programming and application
development like open the files, process the files and output the results.
There are
numerous tools available
· -for
processing files;
· -for
editing programs such as ed;
· -for
processing text such as cut, copy, paste;
· -for
developing programs;
· -for
communication such as mail, write messages and so on.
The user itself can create his own tools, which are executable files defined in his own directory.
Features Of Unix
O/S:
➢ Multi user
accessing / Resource sharing
➢ Multi tasking
➢ Security
➢ Portability
➢ Communication
➢ Utilities
➢ Programmer
support
11Q) Explain
About Linux Operating System? (IMP)
Ans: Linux is an open source operating system which is powerful and easy to implement. It can easily installed onto the computer system. Linux observes POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) specifications and is provided with extensions similar to Unix.
Design
principles of Linux OS:
· -It
is multi user, multi tasking and multi programming operating system consisting
of tools with traditional Unix.
· -It
implements the structure and networking model of unix.
· -It
is platform independent.
· -It
is more suitable for architecture of personal computers.
· -It can be executed on multiple processors or machines.
Linux
Development Process:
-The
Linux OS involves several components during its development process.
-Initially,
open source development community generates a source code for an OS kernel and
sends it to kernel developer’s core team.
-The
main role of this team is to verify the advantages of the additional features
that can perform the modifications be included in existing kernel. If these
additional features are found to be advantages to the kernel, then kernel
efficiency is improved.
-The
programmers and application vendors install the kernel that is easily available
and then builds different types of application software for this kernel.
-They
perform distribution of company’s package and sell different versions of Linux.
-Hardware
vendors integrate Linux on respect systems and send those systems with Linux OS
and a group of application software.
-Finally,
the 3rd party runs Linux and applications for full-filling their processing
necessities.
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